Oligospermia

Oligospermia is classified as mild (10–16 million/mL), moderate (5–10 million/mL), or severe (<5 million/mL). It is one of the most common findings in male infertility evaluation and is often accompanied by reduced motility (asthenozoospermia) or abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia).

Causes include varicocele, hormonal imbalances (low testosterone, high prolactin), genetic conditions, prior infections, heat exposure, and lifestyle factors such as anabolic steroid use, obesity, or smoking.

Treatment is guided by the severity and underlying cause. Mild oligospermia may be compatible with natural conception or IUI, while severe oligospermia typically requires IVF with ICSI.