Ureaplasma

Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum are common bacteria that colonize the genital tract in a significant proportion of healthy adults. In most cases they cause no symptoms, but some evidence links chronic endometrial ureaplasma colonization with recurrent implantation failure, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm birth.

Testing is not part of standard infertility workup at most centers, though some clinics routinely screen high-risk patients (e.g., those with recurrent IVF failure) using endometrial culture or PCR testing.

Treatment with appropriate antibiotics (azithromycin or doxycycline) typically eradicates ureaplasma; some studies report improved IVF outcomes after treatment, though high-quality randomized evidence remains limited.